Records

The UAE Charter for the Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence establishes principles and guidelines to position the UAE as a global leader in ethical and responsible AI development. It outlines key priorities such as human-machine harmony, safety, algorithmic bias mitigation, data privacy, and transparency, while balancing technological progress with social values. The charter applies across various sectors to foster innovation, enhance the quality of life, and ensure compliance with national laws and international treaties.

This Cabinet paper outlines New Zealand's strategic approach to artificial intelligence, favoring a light-touch, proportionate, and risk-based regulatory framework rather than a standalone AI Act. It adopts the OECD AI Principles as a key direction and establishes a cross-portfolio work programme to encourage AI uptake, support safe innovation in the public service, and align international engagement. The strategy aims to boost economic productivity and public sector performance while addressing public concerns around data security and unmitigated harms.

This academic legal risk assessment examines the occupational health and safety (OHS) challenges of smart collaborative robots (SmaCobs) within the European Union. It evaluates the shortcomings of current EU directives, product liability rules, and international standards regarding machine learning and human-robot interaction. Finally, the paper proposes a comprehensive, binding EU regulation to encode safety rule enforcement directly into smart robots while addressing legal personality, liability, and mental health risks.

This guide provides recommendations for public and private entities in Argentina on transparency and personal data protection for responsible artificial intelligence. Developed by the Agency for Access to Public Information (AAIP), it outlines principles, potential risks such as bias and privacy violations, and recommendations across the four stages of the AI lifecycle: design, verification and validation, implementation, and operation and maintenance.

This report by the International Bar Association examines the current state of artificial intelligence in Montenegro's legal sector as of June 2024. It details the lack of a formal national AI definition or dedicated AI legislation, noting that regulation will likely align with the EU AI Act through the Stabilisation and Association Agreement. The report also highlights how independent law firms, international law firms, and in-house counsel utilize AI tools differently, and discusses the roles of professional bodies in guiding future AI adoption.

This academic article examines the challenges and regulatory frameworks surrounding Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) for artworks generated by robots and artificial intelligence algorithms. It analyzes the identification of copyright owners, such as programmers and users, and explores the protection of moral and commercial rights in the digital era. The study utilizes normative juridical methods to evaluate how existing legal definitions must adapt to machine-generated creations.

This academic journal article interrogates the prospects and legal implications of robot lawyers practicing law in Nigeria, examining current technological advancements in artificial intelligence within the legal sector. It reviews the historical and current legal frameworks governing legal practice in Nigeria, specifically the Legal Practitioners Act and the Legal Education (Consolidation etc) Act. The authors find that current Nigerian laws do not recognize non-human entities or robots as persons qualified to practice law and recommend statutory amendments if such technologies are to be accommodated.

This document outlines Cuba's national strategy for digital transformation, the Cuban Digital Agenda, and the Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence. It establishes the institutional governance system, led by the Ministry of Communications, and details strategic axes ranging from regulatory frameworks and digital infrastructure to digital economy, education, government, innovation, cybersecurity, and digital content. Furthermore, it incorporates specific guidelines and ethical principles for the responsible development and use of artificial intelligence in alignment with the nation's socioeconomic goals.

This paper examines the legal challenges associated with medical robots, including their legal status, liability for medical malpractice, and concerns over patient data privacy and security. It scrutinizes China's judicial practices and legislative actions, revealing that the current denial of legal personality to AI is a commendable and pragmatic stance. To effectively manage financial and legal risks, the author emphasizes the need for clearer responsibility allocation, strict data protection laws, and strengthened industry standards.

This proposed bill from Brazil aims to amend Law No. 12.529 of 2011 to explicitly prohibit companies from using artificial intelligence to engage in unfair competition practices, such as price manipulation, cartels, and industrial espionage. The legislation seeks to protect consumers and maintain economic order while punishing unfair business behaviors facilitated by AI technologies.

This speech outlines France's national strategy and policy direction for artificial intelligence, presented by the President of the Republic in May 2024. It details a comprehensive framework structured around five pillars: talent development, computing and semiconductor infrastructure, financial investment, public-private adoption and use cases, and global governance. The strategy aims to position France and Europe as a leading global force in AI by boosting research, increasing computing power, encouraging open-source models, and preparing for the upcoming AI Action Summit.

Canada and the United Kingdom have issued a joint ministerial statement to advance bilateral collaboration on artificial intelligence safety. The agreement commits both nations to sharing expertise, conducting joint testing and evaluations, facilitating professional exchanges, and leveraging computational resources through their respective AI Safety Institutes. Additionally, the partnership emphasizes international cooperation on systemic AI safety, AI risk reporting, and the alignment of safety standards.

This document sets out principles and guidelines for the ethical development and deployment of artificial intelligence in Qatar, aligned with the Qatar National Vision 2030 and international standards. It provides voluntary guidance for developers and deployers across eight core principles, ranging from safety and human-centered design to environmental protection and human accountability. The guidelines aim to balance economic innovation with the protection of Qatari cultural, religious, and social values.

This article examines the ethical, legal, and technological challenges surrounding the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning in robotic-assisted surgical interventions. It highlights key issues such as patient autonomy, informed consent, liability and medical malpractice when AI systems fail, cybersecurity risks, and inequities in access due to high costs. The study concludes by recommending robust international regulatory standards, transparent AI models, and comprehensive surgeon training programs to ensure patient safety and ethical innovation.

This bill establishes general rules for the development, implementation, and responsible use of artificial intelligence systems in Brazil to protect human rights and ensure safe, reliable systems. It mandates transparency, human oversight, and accountability, while prohibiting certain high-risk applications such as biometric categorization based on sensitive data and subliminal manipulative techniques. Additionally, it assigns regulatory and supervisory powers to the National Data Protection Authority (ANPD) and creates the National Council on Artificial Intelligence (CNIA).

This paper presents 'Robots Can Feel', a novel ethical reasoning framework for robots that combines logic with human-like emotion simulation to make decisions in morally complex situations. The system utilizes an adjustable Emotion Weight Coefficient to manage the role of emotions in robot decision-making and was tested across eight top-tier large language models. The evaluation demonstrated that the Emotion Weight Coefficient significantly influences the robot's final decision in morally challenging scenarios such as animal compassion and dietary violations.

This notice from the Federal Court of Canada requires parties, counsel, and interveners to inform the Court and opposing parties via a declaration if submitted litigation documents contain content generated by artificial intelligence. It outlines principles regarding caution, human verification, and neutrality when using AI tools, while clarifying that the Court itself will not use automated decision-making tools for judgments without public consultation. The guidelines aim to maintain the integrity of judicial proceedings, protect the rule of law, and ensure transparency.

Projeto de Lei nº 1559/2024 amends Brazil's Law of Guidelines and Bases of National Education to ban the use of AI content as a reference or metric for developing pedagogical materials in public schools. It also prohibits using AI tools for student and teacher performance evaluation across all levels of public education. Furthermore, any AI platforms or digital media provided by the Ministry of Education must be strictly voluntary and supervised by teachers to prevent algorithmic discrimination and protect personal data.

This proposed bill (PL 1539/2024) establishes the Fund for the Incentive of Development and Innovation of the Artificial Intelligence Industry (Fidia) in Brazil. The fund aims to stimulate AI investment, development, and use while reducing regional inequalities to promote economic and social development. It defines key AI terms such as systems, providers, and operators, and outlines funding sources including a 0.25% contribution on gross operating revenues of AI agents.

This bill (PL 1522/2024) proposes that the Brazilian Ministry of Health, through its National Secretariat for Information and Digital Health, develop a planning framework to utilize artificial intelligence tools for managing and maintaining data within the Unified Health System (SUS). The initiative aims to align health databases with Federal Law 14.534/2023 by replacing the legacy SUS number with the Individual Taxpayer Registry (CPF) as the single unique identifier. Furthermore, the AI tools would integrate chronic and rare disease patient histories with the CPF to improve public health management and address administrative discrepancies.

The Child Abuse Image Database (CAID) Programme report outlines a secure national database developed by the Home Office in collaboration with police, industry partners, and technology companies to fight child sexual abuse and exploitation. Launched in December 2014, CAID provides UK law enforcement with advanced tools, including artificial intelligence for processing immense volumes of data, to identify victims, safeguard children, and prosecute offenders. The document details how CAID is used by UK police forces, the National Crime Agency, and international partners to share data, streamline investigations, and remove illegal content from the internet.

This document provides an overview of the Legal System Subcommittee's views on the interpretation of the current Japanese Copyright Act as applied to artificial intelligence and copyright. It outlines basic concepts regarding the AI development and training stage, the generation and utilization stage, copyright infringement criteria, and the copyrightability of AI-generated materials. The text is intended to offer a tentative consensus and general understanding without being legally binding.

This ethical guide issued by the Council of Higher Education in Turkey outlines principles, rules, and recommendations for the use of generative artificial intelligence in scientific research and publication activities. It emphasizes transparency, integrity, diligence, and accountability while detailing risks such as algorithmic bias, hallucinations, and copyright issues. It also clarifies that generative AI cannot be listed as an author and that researchers bear full legal and ethical responsibility for AI-assisted outputs.

This publication outlines the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency's (MHRA) response to the UK government's AI White Paper and its five core principles. It details the agency's approach across three perspectives: as a regulator of AI medical products undergoing regulatory reform, as a public service organization optimizing its internal operations using AI, and as an evidence-based decision-maker evaluating third-party AI-generated data. The report highlights ongoing and planned guidance, international collaboration, regulatory sandboxes like AI-Airlock, and allocated resources.

This strategic update from the Competition and Markets Authority outlines the organization's approach, findings, and ongoing work regarding artificial intelligence markets. It details consumer protection and competition concerns related to foundational models and digital services. The update serves to guide market participants and stakeholders on regulatory expectations.

This proposed bill establishes principles, guarantees, rights, and duties for the development, implementation, and application of artificial intelligence in Brazil. It classifies AI systems into categories of risk—excessive, high, and moderate—and prohibits excessive risk systems entirely while imposing strict governance requirements on high-risk systems. Additionally, the bill sets out civil liability rules, administrative sanctions for violations, and measures to promote AI education and ethical standards.

This qualitative and philosophical study explores how individuals experience, define, and reason about trust in autonomous systems with evolving functionality (ASEFs). Through semi-structured interviews with developers, end users, and other stakeholders using specific use cases, the authors examine five philosophical accounts of trust: rational, affective, credentialist, norms-based, and relational. The findings reveal that while technical reliability and design aesthetics play roles in user reliance, the most significant requirement for trust and trustworthiness is the accountability of human developers and operators, supported by perceived value alignment and regulatory mechanisms.

The AI Guidelines for Business Ver1.0, established by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in Japan on April 19, 2024, provide unified guiding principles for AI governance. The document integrates three previous guidelines to establish soft law recommendations based on a goal-based and risk-based approach across the AI lifecycle. It details specific responsibilities for AI developers, AI providers, and AI business users, incorporating international frameworks such as the Hiroshima AI Process.

The AI Guidelines for Business Version 1.0 provide unified guiding principles for AI governance in Japan to promote the safe, secure, and responsible use of AI across its entire lifecycle. Issued jointly by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, these non-binding soft-law guidelines integrate previous domestic frameworks and align with international standards such as the Hiroshima AI Process. They outline basic philosophies—human dignity, diversity and inclusion, and sustainability—alongside common guiding principles for developers, providers, and business users based on a risk-based approach.

This report by the UK Competition and Markets Authority updates its assessment of the AI foundation model sector, examining changes in the market landscape, stakeholder feedback on proposed principles, and competition risks. It confirms four foundational principles—access, diversity, choice, and transparency and accountability—to guide the market toward positive outcomes for competition and consumer protection. Additionally, the paper highlights key risks such as input restrictions, exploitation of consumer/business access points, and anti-competitive partnerships.

This academic study develops and validates the Robot Rights and Responsibilities (RRR) scale, a 30-item metric designed to measure public perceptions regarding robot rights, responsibilities, and capabilities. Through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis using U.S. national samples, the study identifies three distinct multi-dimensional factors: robot rights, robot responsibilities, and robot capabilities. The findings offer empirical insight into how the general population views the integration of artificial intelligence and robotic technology into civic and social life.

This academic paper challenges arguments for robot and AI rights on metaphysical, ethical, and legal grounds. The authors argue that machines are not the kinds of things that can be granted rights, that AI ethics should focus on limits rather than rights due to current harms against marginalized populations, and that granting rights to robots functions as a smoke screen that advances corporate power and evades accountability. Drawing on embodied phenomenology, the paper concludes that current AI systems depend heavily on exploited human labor and environmental resources, making the discourse around robot rights both irresponsible and socially dangerous.

This document is a keynote address delivered by Mondli Gungubele, the Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies, at the National AI Government Summit in Johannesburg on April 5, 2024. The address outlines South Africa's vision and initiatives for harnessing Artificial Intelligence to drive socio-economic development while ensuring ethical, safe, and inclusive usage. It highlights the establishment of the Artificial Intelligence Institute of South Africa (AIISA), collaborative continental efforts through the African Union and Smart Africa Alliance, and plans to develop national AI policies and regulations supported by an upcoming AI Expert Advisory Council.

This article explores the criminal law regulation of crimes caused by out-of-control intelligent robot programs. The author proposes criminal regulation across program design, testing and certification, users, and regulators, advocating for conditional and objective attribution theories to determine responsibility. Additionally, the paper recommends strengthening the regulation of foresight obligations to reduce the risk of illegal activities resulting from program failures.

This research paper studies the causal effect of accelerated depreciation and tax credits on the adoption of industrial robots and firm performance in Japan. Combining policy variations from the Tax Credit for Promoting Productivity-Enhancing Equipment Investment (TC-PPEI) with longitudinal firm-level survey data, the authors find that eligible firms significantly increased robot purchases. Furthermore, the event-study and instrumental variable analyses reveal that adopting robots does not destroy total firm-level employment, but rather leads to a net increase in employment and sales after one to three years.

This article examines the legal and technological challenges surrounding the authentication and certification of cybernetic avatars (CAs), proposing a new field of area jurisprudence known as AI, Robot, and Avatar Law. It explores the need for user authentication, CA identification, and CA notarisation to build secure infrastructure while protecting privacy rights and addressing economic security. Furthermore, the paper advocates for comprehensive ELSI research platforms and conformity assessment mechanisms drawing from frameworks like the EU AI Act.

This Procurement Policy Note (PPN 02/24) provides guidance for UK central government departments and public bodies on improving the transparency of artificial intelligence use in public procurement. It outlines considerations and risk mitigations for suppliers using AI to develop bids, as well as managing AI embedded in delivered services. Annexes provide links to broader government AI guidance and example disclosure questions for tender documentation.

This United Nations General Assembly resolution aims to harness safe, secure, and trustworthy artificial intelligence systems to accelerate sustainable development and achieve the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. It highlights the importance of bridging digital and AI divides between and within countries, promoting international cooperation, and ensuring that AI respects human rights throughout its lifecycle. The resolution encourages Member States and stakeholders to develop inclusive governance frameworks and support developing nations through capacity building and technology transfer.

This white paper from the Competition Bureau of Canada explores how artificial intelligence intersects with Canadian competition law and market dynamics. It examines the structure of AI markets—including infrastructure, development, and deployment—and analyzes potential competition issues such as market concentration, barriers to entry, cartels, and deceptive marketing practices. Finally, the paper outlines a competition policy assessment toolkit to help policymakers design pro-competitive regulations for the AI sector.

This bill (PL 897/2024) introduced in the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies establishes the mandatory authentication and clear marking of all digital media generated or modified by artificial intelligence. It places responsibilities on digital platforms to ensure the truthfulness and authenticity of such media using automated verification mechanisms. The legislation aims to protect users against false or manipulated content, ensuring transparency and trust in the digital environment.

Ce document de travail du Bureau de la concurrence du Canada examine les implications de l'intelligence artificielle sur la concurrence et la dynamique du marché au Canada. Il explore les technologies d'IA, les marchés de l'infrastructure, du développement et du déploiement de l'IA, ainsi que les risques potentiels liés aux fusions, aux pratiques monopolistiques, aux cartels et aux pratiques commerciales trompeuses. Enfin, il propose des orientations pour promouvoir la concurrence par le biais de politiques publiques adaptées.

This article critically examines current approaches in robot ethics, arguing that they rely too heavily on an anthropocentric 'properties approach' or modest relational views that neglect deep relationality with non-human entities. To address this limitation, the author develops an 'eco-relational approach' using phenomenological methods to demonstrate how human properties, actions, and existence are inherently intertwined with animals and technology. The paper concludes that acknowledging this relationality disrupts traditional human-centered ethical concepts and calls for a re-conceptualization of moral agency and responsibility in human-robot interactions.

This bill proposes amendments to the Brazilian Internet Civil Framework (Marco Civil da Internet) to mandate that internet applications and software using artificial intelligence for audio and audiovisual content generation must include clear and continuous labeling indicating that the content was AI-generated. Failure to comply is treated as a violation of consumer defense norms, subjecting responsible parties to penalties under the Consumer Defense Code alongside civil, criminal, and specific administrative sanctions. The legislation is introduced in response to rising digital scams, deepfakes, and identity cloning facilitated by generative AI technologies.

This bill (PL 841/2024) proposes an amendment to Brazil's Consumer Defense Code (Law No. 8.078 of 1990) to make it mandatory to display a legible warning when advertising images or videos are produced using artificial intelligence. The justification emphasizes the ethical and transparency concerns surrounding consumer deception when AI-generated visuals cannot be distinguished from reality. The proposal is currently under consideration by the National Congress.

This study examines the nonlinear nexus between the application of agricultural robots and agricultural carbon emissions (ACE) across 30 Chinese provinces from 2006 to 2019, extending the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) theory to agricultural robotics. Using panel fixed effects and moderating effects models, the authors find an inverted U-shaped relationship between agricultural robot installations and ACE. Furthermore, both formal and informal environmental regulations significantly moderate this relationship, with informal regulation playing a more effective role in reducing agricultural carbon emissions.

This academic research article analyzes the legal capacity and personality of smart robots under Iraqi law compared with European robotic law. It examines the inadequacy of treating advanced artificial intelligence and humanoid robots merely as property or things under traditional civil codes. The author proposes establishing a distinct legal framework based on guardianship rather than ownership or agency to govern the actions, liabilities, and legal capacity of smart robots.

La Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (ENIA-CR) de Costa Rica establece un marco integral para la adopción y el desarrollo ético, seguro y sostenible de la inteligencia artificial en el país. El documento detalla principios rectores basados en derechos humanos, analiza el contexto nacional a través de un FODA, define habilitantes tecnológicos esenciales y propone objetivos estratégicos organizados en siete ejes temáticos y líneas de acción concretas.

This research paper evaluates a child-robot theater afterschool program designed to introduce robot and AI ethics to elementary school students. Conducted with 30 children, the program utilized interactive scenarios, theatrical performances, and hands-on robot interactions to explore ethical topics such as bias, fairness, transparency, privacy, and responsibility. Preliminary findings indicate that children are capable of engaging in meaningful ethical discussions and forming nuanced perspectives regarding technology.

This research paper introduces the Force-Constrained Visual Policy (FCVP) technique for robot-assisted dressing, combining a simulation-trained vision policy with a real-world-learned force dynamics model. By framing the task as a constrained optimization problem, the system ensures that garments are successfully maneuvered onto a human arm while filtering out actions that exceed a safe force threshold. Evaluations through both simulation and a 240-trial real-world human study with 10 participants demonstrate that FCVP significantly reduces force violations compared to existing baselines while maintaining high dressing performance.

This document is a proposed bill (PL 477/2024) in the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies that seeks to amend the Penal Code to criminalize the AI-driven or otherwise manipulated alteration of photos, videos, and audio used to practice domestic or family violence against women. The bill introduces penalties of two to four years in prison and a fine for such actions. It aims to address the rising threat of digital gender-based violence facilitated by modern technologies.