The typification of infringement issues of humanoid robots: with special reference to the governance of infringement caused by learning algorithms
This academic paper proposes a typified legal framework for addressing infringement issues caused by humanoid robots, dividing them into passive and active infringements. It focuses particularly on autonomous infringements resulting from learning algorithms and applies law and economics principles—such as the Hand Formula—to allocate liabilities among manufacturers, general AI model providers, and users. The study suggests balanced regulatory approaches to ensure both technological innovation and legal accountability in the emerging robotics sector.
Summary and content fields are drawn from the document text and are pending editorial review.
Who issued it
Who it governs
Legal scholars, policymakers, and industry developers should read this to understand liability allocation and governance strategies for humanoid robots.
What the document contains
The document addresses the legal classification of infringement issues caused by humanoid robots, technical features contributing to liability confusion, and detailed frameworks for allocating responsibility among manufacturers, model providers, and users.
The text does not provide binding statutory text or specific statutory articles, functioning instead as a legal analysis and scholarly proposal.
- Humanoid robots possess unique technical features including external human-like appearance, intelligence, and human-machine hybrid control that expand infringement risks.
- Infringements can be categorized into passive infringement and independent infringement, with the latter further divided into hardware defects, ordinary algorithm defects, and learning algorithm failures.
- The Hand formula from law and economics can guide manufacturers in balancing prevention costs and accident probabilities under dynamic national regulations.
- General artificial intelligence model providers should maintain transparency responsibilities and may face joint liability if they fail to disclose critical safety risks.
- Users act as teachers in adaptive AI systems and can bear strict liability or negligence penalties depending on whether they engage in malicious training or fail care obligations.
· 1. Introduction · 2. Technical characteristics of humanoid robots · 3. Typification of infringement issues of humanoid robots · 4. Responsibility allocation among relevant parties in infringement caused by learning algorithms of humanoid robots · 5. Conclusion
How it scores
Each score is backed by a quote verified against the document text. Editorial review has not yet confirmed them.
Accountability
4/5Clear responsibility for AI outcomes
humanoid robot manufacturers should follow the dynamic national regulations based on their development stage and different application scenarios under the guidance of the Hand Formula; users should be responsible for their negligent behavior
Abstract
screening score · 2026-10-23
Fairness
2/5Non-discrimination and equitable treatment
to ensure the rationality and fairness of liability determination, protect the legitimate rights and interests of relevant parties
4.2
screening score · 2026-10-23
Human Dignity
1/5Respect for the inherent worth of persons
reputational damages caused by autonomous infringement by artificial intelligence
4.1
screening score · 2026-10-23
Privacy
2/5Protection of personal data and private life
This not only expands the scope of infringement risks but also easily leads to the leakage of human privacy.
2
screening score · 2026-10-23
Transparency
4/5Openness about how AI systems work and are used
providers of general artificial intelligence models may be held jointly liable with humanoid robot product providers if they fail to fulfill the responsibility of transparency.
Abstract
screening score · 2026-10-23
Enforcement
4/5Consequences and compliance mechanisms with real force
humanoid robot manufacturers should follow the dynamic national regulations based on their development stage and different application scenarios under the guidance of the Hand Formula
Abstract
screening score · 2026-10-23
Impact Assessment
3/5Required assessment of an AI system's risks/impacts before or during use
relevant authorities can adopt or expand or restrict the tort liability of humanoid robot manufacturers based on the different stages of humanoid robot technology development and different application scenarios
4.1
screening score · 2026-10-23